How to get help in R ? R–Tips

R is very useful for data analysis but it surely need some programming skills. The one solid reason why analyst prefer r is its availability and flexibility with packages. The count of packages in CRAN is increasing day by day and it already consist of more than 4000 packages from Biometrics to Econometrics. Its really very hard to remember syntax and functions in packages. In this post I give you some important commands that could be very handy while working in R.

1. Using ?

If you want help on a function or a dataset that you know the name of, type ? followed by the name of the function. For example:
?mean opens the help page for the mean function
?"+"    opens the help page for addition
?"if"    opens the help page for if, used for branching code

2. Using ??

To find functions, type two question marks (??) followed by a keyword related to the problem to search. Special characters, reserved words, and multiword search terms need enclosing in double or single quotes. for example:
??plotting                    searches for topics containing words like "plotting"
??"regression model"    searches for topics containing phrases like this

3. help and help.search

The functions help and help.search do the same things as ? and ??, respectively, but with these you always need to enclose your arguments in quotes. The following commands are equivalent to the previous examples:help("mean")
help("+")
help("if")
help.search("plotting")
help.search("regression model")

4. example and demo functions

Most functions have examples that you can run to get a better idea of how they work. Use the example function to run these. There are also some longer demonstrations of concepts that are accessible with the demo function:
example(plot)
demo()                    #list all demonstrations
demo(Japanese)

5. vignettes

R is splits into package, some of which contain vignettes, which are short documents on how to use the packages. You can browse all the vignettes on your machine using browseVignettes :
browseVignettes()
You can also access a specific vignette using the vignette function (but if your memory is as bad as mine, using browseVignettes combined with a page search is easier than trying to remember the name of a vignette and which package it’s in):
vignette("Sweave", package = "utils")

6. RSiteSearch

The help search operator ?? and browseVignettes will only find things in packages
that you have installed on your machine. If you want to look in any package, you can use RSiteSearch, which runs a query at http://search.r-project.org. Multiword terms need to be wrapped in braces:
RSiteSearch("{Clustering}")

leave your queries in comment section and Subscribe to I'm Sulthan by Email for more interesting updates. Share with your friends.  Thank you.

Facts about infinity–What is Infinity?

What if I say Infinity is simple to understand ? Will you agree?. Well, Here I give you some facts about Infinity to better understand it. After this you can accept that infinity is really simple. don't forget to subscribe my blog.

• Ancient cultures had various ideas about the nature of infinity. The ancient Indians and Greeks did not define infinity in precise formalism as does modern mathematics, and instead approached infinity as a philosophical concept.
• Infinity, is not big, it's not huge, it's not tremendously large, or it's neither extremely humongously enormous. It is Endless!
• If there is no reason something should stop, then it is infinite.
• Infinity is not a real number, it is an idea. An idea of something without an end.
• Infinity itself, symbolized by a figure that resembles a sideways 8, is not a number. You could write it in the format of an infinite number, such as a 1 followed by an infinite number of zeroes. This, however, is a concept, not a number.
• Here comes a beautiful fact, Negative infinity is less than any Real number,
  and Infinity is greater than any Real number.

These are just common facts about infinity for simple understanding. In advanced discussions, such as Theoretical applications of physical infinity , Cosmology and etc.., infinity is dealt in complex manner which is not a simple concept. Unless a care is exercised, especially when dealing infinity as a common number, paradoxes arise readily.

Share with your friends and family. Subscribe the mail list in top right section. See you again in one more interesting post. Give your feedbacks and comments in comment section below.

10 Inspirational quote that can change your life

1.Never give up on…….

2. When you feel…..

3.A champion is  ……

4. Life is 10% what ……

5. Even if you’re……

6.The journey of …..

7. The difference between …..

8. Though no one …..

9. Life has two rules …..

10. The best revenge…..

11.Bonus one and My favourite: KEEP FIGHTING

Subscribe my blog and share with your friends.

List of Greek alphabets, name ,Pronunciation and its English equivalent

The Greek alphabets have been used to write the Greek language since the 8th century BC. Here is a list of alphabets, its name , How it is pronounced and What is its English equivalent that is used in Maths and statistics. Don't forget to subscribe the blog for more interesting updates.

Upper Case	Lower Case	Greek Letter Name	English Equivalent	Pronunciation
Α	α	Alpha	a	al-fa
Β	β	Beta	b	be-ta
Γ	γ	Gamma	g	ga-ma
Δ	δ	Delta	d	del-ta
Ε	ε	Epsilon	e	ep-si-lon
Ζ	ζ	Zeta	z	ze-ta
Η	η	Eta	h	eh-ta
Θ	θ	Theta	th	te-ta
Ι	ι	Iota	i	io-ta
Κ	κ	Kappa	k	ka-pa
Λ	λ	Lambda	l	lam-da
Μ	μ	Mu	m	m-yoo
Ν	ν	Nu	n	noo
Ξ	ξ	Xi	x	x-ee
Ο	ο	Omicron	o	o-mee-c-ron
Π	π	Pi	p	pa-yee
Ρ	ρ	Rho	r	row
Σ	σ	Sigma	s	sig-ma
Τ	τ	Tau	t	ta-oo
Υ	υ	Upsilon	u	oo-psi-lon
Φ	φ	Phi	ph	f-ee
Χ	χ	Chi	ch	kh-ee
Ψ	ψ	Psi	ps	p-see
Ω	ω	Omega	o	o-me-ga

Share with friends and leave your feedback & queries in comment section.

List of Numeral symbols

List of numeral symbols in European, Roman, Hindu Arabic and Hebrew

Name	European	Roman	Hindu Arabic	Hebrew
zero	0		٠
one	1	I	١	א
two	2	II	٢	ב
three	3	III	٣	ג
four	4	IV	٤	ד
five	5	V	٥	ה
six	6	VI	٦	ו
seven	7	VII	٧	ז
eight	8	VIII	٨	ח
nine	9	IX	٩	ט
ten	10	X	١٠	י
eleven	11	XI	١١	יא
twelve	12	XII	١٢	יב
thirteen	13	XIII	١٣	יג
fourteen	14	XIV	١٤	יד
fifteen	15	XV	١٥	טו
sixteen	16	XVI	١٦	טז
seventeen	17	XVII	١٧	יז
eighteen	18	XVIII	١٨	יח
nineteen	19	XIX	١٩	יט
twenty	20	XX	٢٠	כ
thirty	30	XXX	٣٠	ל
forty	40	XL	٤٠	מ
fifty	50	L	٥٠	נ
sixty	60	LX	٦٠	ס
seventy	70	LXX	٧٠	ע
eighty	80	LXXX	٨٠	פ
ninety	90	XC	٩٠	צ
one hundred	100	C	١٠٠	ק

Ask your queries in comment section and Subscribe to I'm Sulthan by Email for more interesting updates.Share with your friends.  Thank you.

Basic symbols in Mathematics and Statistics

Image via Pixabay

Basic math symbols

Symbol	Symbol Name	Meaning / definition	Example
=	equals sign	equality	3 = 1+2 3 is equal to 1+2
≠	not equal sign	inequality	2 ≠ 3 2 is not equal to 2
≈	approximately equal	approximation	sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01, x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y
>	strict inequality	greater than	3 > 2 3 is greater than 2
<	strict inequality	less than	2 < 3 2 is less than 3
≥	inequality	greater than or equal to	5 ≥ 4, x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y
≤	inequality	less than or equal to	4 ≤ 5, x ≤ y means x is greater than or equal to y
( )	parentheses	calculate expression inside first	2 × (3+5) = 16
[ ]	brackets	calculate expression inside first	[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18
+	plus sign	addition	1 + 1 = 2
−	minus sign	subtraction	2 − 1 = 1
±	plus - minus	both plus and minus operations	3 ± 5 = 8 and -2
∓	minus - plus	both minus and plus operations	3 ∓ 5 = -2 and 8
*	asterisk	multiplication	2 * 3 = 6
×	times sign	multiplication	2 × 3 = 6
∙	multiplication dot	multiplication	2 ∙ 3 = 6
÷	division sign / obelus	division	6 ÷ 2 = 3
/	division slash	division	6 / 2 = 3
–	horizontal line	division / fraction
mod	modulo	remainder calculation	7 mod 2 = 1
.	period	decimal point, decimal separator	2.56 = 2+56/100
ab	power	exponent	23 = 8
a^b	caret	exponent	2 ^ 3 = 8
√a	square root	√a · √a  = a	√9 = ±3
3√a	cube root	3√a · 3√a  · 3√a  = a	3√8 = 2
4√a	fourth root	4√a · 4√a  · 4√a  · 4√a  = a	4√16 = ±2
n√a	n-th root (radical)		for n=3, n√8 = 2
%	percent	1% = 1/100	10% × 30 = 3
‰	per-mille	1‰ = 1/1000 = 0.1%	10‰ × 30 = 0.3
ppm	per-million	1ppm = 1/1000000	10ppm × 30 = 0.0003
ppb	per-billion	1ppb = 1/1000000000	10ppb × 30 = 3×10-7
ppt	per-trillion	1ppt = 10-12	10ppt × 30 = 3×10-10

leave your queries in comment section and Subscribe to I'm Sulthan by Email for more interesting updates. Share with your friends.  Thank you.