When and How to use P/E ratio (Price-Earning ratio)

Which stock and when to invest? A key question every person about to invest has in their mind. The answer to these issues is Price-Earning (PE) ratio and popular in the investment community. However, it is not entirely reliable.

PE ratio is one widely used tool for stock selection. One key thing you need to remember is this ratio is only useful in comparing companies in the same industry. A higher P/E ratio means that investors are paying more for each unit of net income, so the stock is more expensive compared to one with lower P/E ratio.

Calculation

The PE is calculated by dividing the market price per share by the earnings per share (EPS).

As mentioned above higher PE ratio refers that the stock is expensive which means it is possible that share is overpriced and Lower price ratio, on the other hand, may refer to the poor performance of the company. That is the reason why I said PE is completely reliable. You have to look at the background of the company, before investing.

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Interesting Facts and Info about Indian Railways

Railways were first introduced to India by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) in 1853 from Bombay to Thane. The East Indian Railway Company was established 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of £4,000,000, primarily raised in London. The Great Southern India Railway Company was founded in Britain in 1853 and registered in 1859. Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859, and the 80-mile link from Trichinopoly (Tiruchirappalli) to Negapatam (Nagapattinam) opened in 1861. The Carnatic Railway founded in 1864, opened a Madras-Arakkonam-Kancheepuram line in 1865. The Great Southern India Railway Company was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.

In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit as the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks in the world.

As of 2016, it is now fourth largest rail network in the world comprising 119,630 kilometres (74,330 miles) of the entire track and 92,081 km (57,216 mi) of running track over a route of 66,687 km (41,437 miles) with 7,216 stations. The railways carried 8.107 billion passengers annually or more than 22 million passengers a day and 1.101 billion tonnes of freight annually. It is the world's eighth biggest employer and had 1.331 million employees.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian Railways.

1. The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus 

2. The Mountain Railways of India

• Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu.
• Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge railway in West Bengal.
• Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in the Shivalik Mountains in Himachal Pradesh. In 2003 the railway was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space of 96 kilometres.

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Calculating Indian Income Tax using R (IndianTaxCalc) - My first R package

 

R is a powerful programming package that can perform many wonders with data analytics. The open platform gives the opportunity to develop package packages and share it with the world. Such that recently I created a package for calculating Income Tax in India. The name of the package is IndianTaxCalc. Using this package, you can calculate Income Tax liability for Financial years of

• Individual resident aged below 60 years,
• Senior Citizen,
• Super Senior Citizen,
• Firm,
• Local Authority,
• Any Non-Resident Individual / Hindu Undivided Family / Association of Persons /Body of Individuals / Artificial Judicial Person,
• Co-operative Society.

The main advantage of using this package is you can calculate tax for any number of the person or group or mixture of both in single command with data in a spreadsheet. You can Download the package from CRAN here. This is my first package developed for R and the process of submitting and getting it listed in CRAN was very comfortable and the reviewers are very friendly.

Example workings on IndianTaxCalc

install.packages("IndianTaxCalc")
library("IndianTaxCalc")
##Income Tax calculation for individual
ITI2017(330000)
[1] 3090
##Income Tax calculation for Senior Citizen
ITI2017(480000,2)
[1] 13390
##Income Tax calculation for group of individuals
employees<-c(250000,350000,200000,7500000)
ITI2017(employees,1)
[1]       0    5150       0 2137250
##Income Tax calculation for dataframe with mixed category of data
sdata <- data.frame(income = c(300000, 400000, 5000000,15000000), category = c(1, 2, 3, 4))
ITI2017(sdata$income,sdata$category)
[1]       0    5150 1339000 5122963

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Holy Quran translation in English [PDF]

Translated version of Holy Quran in English from Sulthan Academy

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Quran translated in Albanian - Kur'ani i përkthyer në shqip [PDF]

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Quran in Portuguese -Quran traduzido em português [PDF]

 

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Quran in Tamil - திருக்-குர்ஆன் தமிழாக்கம்

 

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Quran translated in Bosnian - Kur'an prevedena na Bosanski [PDF]

 

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Stone Money of Micronesia–Rai stones

A large, circular stone disks with a hole in its center, carved out of limestone is known as Rai Stones. Micronesia located in Pacific Ocean has a tiny island called Yap. People live here are called Yapese. In Yap Island there is no gold or silver, the Yapese found limestone deposits and carved the stones as money. The monetary system relies on an oral history of ownership. Because these stones are too large to move.There are also small stones found in centimeters and the large stones weights in tons. The largest rai stone is located on Rumung island, near Riy village. Smaller rai stones might have a diameter of 7–8 centimeters. Buying an item with one simply involves agreeing that the ownership has changed. As long as the transaction is recorded in the oral history, it will now be owned by the person it is passed on to and no physical movement of the stone is required.

Yap stone money is such a unique archeological oddity that stone money pieces are on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution and other museums in the U.S., Russia, Japan and Germany. Banks in Switzerland and the U.S. have acquired stone money pieces as well. The stone money is so fascinating that even Walt Disney Productions published a Donald Duck comic book on the subject entitled: "The Stone Money Mystery." Today, it is against the law to export Yap's traditional stone money. Unfortunately, almost half of all the stone money was lost or destroyed during World War II. The estimated number remaining is approximately 6,600 pieces.

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